{"version":"https://jsonfeed.org/version/1.1","title":"值得生活","home_page_url":"https://notevida.com/zh/","feed_url":"https://notevida.com/zh/feed.json","description":"了解生活选择背后的成本、收益、风险与证据，用实用指南和工具，帮助每一个决定更值得。","language":"zh-Hans","authors":[{"name":"Phạm Xuân Hiếu","url":"https://xuanhieu.org/gioi-thieu/"}],"items":[{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/1-always-wear-seat-belts-both-front-and-back/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/1-always-wear-seat-belts-both-front-and-back/","title":"系安全带，前排后排都系","content_text":"坐轿车前排系上安全带，出车祸时被撞死的概率降四成多。坐轻型卡车前排的降六成。美国 2022 年死在车里的人，能查到系没系带的，有一半没系。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/2-wearing-a-helmet-and-fastening-the-strap-while-riding/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/2-wearing-a-helmet-and-fastening-the-strap-while-riding/","title":"骑摩托车、电动自行车戴头盔并扣好","content_text":"摩托车骑手出事时，戴头盔并且把扣带扣好的，死亡和头部受伤都明显更少。扣带要系紧，松松垮垮挂在头上不算戴。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/3-install-smoke-alarms-those-heating-with-coal-or-gas-in/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/3-install-smoke-alarms-those-heating-with-coal-or-gas-in/","title":"装烟雾报警器；冬天在室内烧煤、用燃气取暖的再装一氧化碳报警器","content_text":"家里有一个能正常工作的烟雾报警器，住宅火灾里死的人明显更少。美国死了人的住宅火灾，四成起火时人在睡觉。冬天在屋里烧煤或用燃气的，再加一个一氧化碳报警器。中国 2018 年有 1.15 万人死于一氧化碳中毒，冬天那三个月约七成死在家里。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/4-replace-gas-hoses-and-stoves-when-they-reach-their/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/4-replace-gas-hoses-and-stoves-when-they-reach-their/","title":"燃气软管和灶具到期就换，不自己改管道，燃气公司上门推销可以直接拒绝","content_text":"软管和灶具到期就换，这是《城镇燃气管理条例》写明的用户义务。自己改管道、拆燃气表是条例明令禁止的。同一部条例还写了，燃气公司不能要求你买它指定的产品和服务。上门说「必须换」的推销，可以直接拒绝。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/5-do-not-pick-buy-or-eat-wild-mushrooms-any-folk-tricks-for/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/5-do-not-pick-buy-or-eat-wild-mushrooms-any-folk-tricks-for/","title":"不采、不买、不吃野生蘑菇，任何「土办法鉴别」都不成立","content_text":"光 2025 年一年，中国疾控中心就调查了 828 起蘑菇中毒，2165 人中招，13 人死。那一年还新认出 34 种以前没记录过会毒人的蘑菇。银针试毒、虫子吃过就没毒、颜色鲜艳才有毒，这些说法全都不成立。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/6-electric-bicycles-must-not-be-pushed-into-stairwells/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/6-electric-bicycles-must-not-be-pushed-into-stairwells/","title":"电动自行车不推进楼道、不进电梯、不在家里充电","content_text":"在高层住宅的门厅、走道、楼梯间停电动车或者充电，是应急管理部的规章明令禁止的。不改正的，个人罚 500 到 1000 元，做生意的罚 2000 到 10000 元。罚款还是小事，要紧的是这几处正是起火时疏散逃生要走的路。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/7-measuring-blood-pressure-and-taking-meds-to-reach-target/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/7-measuring-blood-pressure-and-taking-meds-to-reach-target/","title":"量血压，高了就吃药降到达标","content_text":"高压每降 10 mmHg，出大的心血管毛病的概率降两成，中风降 27%。心衰降 28%，死亡概率降 13%。中国 35 到 75 岁的人里，44.7% 有高血压，真正控制住的只有 7.2%。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/8-after-age-35-anyone-who-is-overweight-should-get-a-fasting/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/8-after-age-35-anyone-who-is-overweight-should-get-a-fasting/","title":"35 岁以后只要超重，就去查一次空腹血糖，正常也每三年再查","content_text":"花几十块抽一管血，就能在一点症状都没有的时候查出糖尿病前期。美国官方的筛查建议是：35 到 70 岁、超重或肥胖的人去查。查出来正常的，每三年再查一次。美国按体重指数 25 算超重，对亚裔降到 23，中国标准是 24 就算超重。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/9-don-t-speed-or-drive-after-drinking/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/9-don-t-speed-or-drive-after-drinking/","title":"开车不超速、不酒驾，不看手机，困了就停车歇","content_text":"平均车速每高 1%，撞死人的概率高约 4%。酒精没有「喝一点没事」的安全线。开车时摆弄手里的手机，出事的风险约是专心开车的 3.6 倍，拨号时约 12.2 倍。困得别人都看得出来时，风险约是 3.4 倍。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/10-when-riding-in-a-car-use-a-car-seat-for-children-under-4/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/10-when-riding-in-a-car-use-a-car-seat-for-children-under-4/","title":"坐车时给 4 岁以下儿童用安全座椅，不要抱在怀里","content_text":"一岁以下的婴儿坐车时用安全座椅，车祸里受致命伤的概率低约七成。1 到 4 岁的孩子低约一半。抱在怀里没有这个效果。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/11-install-window-guards-and-balcony-barriers-if-you-have-kids/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/11-install-window-guards-and-balcony-barriers-if-you-have-kids/","title":"家里有小孩就给窗户和阳台装限位器或护栏，纱窗不算防护","content_text":"一副限位器几十块钱。纽约市给高风险住户免费装窗户护栏、又上门讲解，一个区上报的儿童坠落数三年里降了一半。后来纽约干脆立法，要求房东给住着 10 岁及以下孩子的房子装护栏。纱窗不算防护。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/12-keep-young-children-in-sight-near-water-wear-life-jackets/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/12-keep-young-children-in-sight-near-water-wear-life-jackets/","title":"儿童近水不离视线，划船、野泳穿救生衣","content_text":"坐船落水的时候穿着救生衣，淹死的概率大约只有不穿的一半。溺水至今是中国 1 到 14 岁孩子的头号死因。农村的溺水死亡率大约是城市的两倍。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/13-exercising-balance-and-leg-strength-for-people-over-60-plus/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/13-exercising-balance-and-leg-strength-for-people-over-60-plus/","title":"60 岁以上练平衡和腿部力量，改造家里的浴室和楼梯","content_text":"每周练两三次平衡，比如太极，老人跌倒的次数降约两成三，摔过的人数降 15%。请人上门评估、改造家里，跌倒的次数降约两成。跌倒是中国 65 岁以上老人因伤害死亡的头号原因，而且一多半就摔在自己家里。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/14-get-tested-for-hepatitis-b-markers-if-no-antibodies-get/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/14-get-tested-for-hepatitis-b-markers-if-no-antibodies-get/","title":"查乙肝两对半，结合接种记录判断要不要补疫苗","content_text":"启东那项研究中，出生时接种乙肝疫苗，后来得肝癌的概率低 84%。成人不能照搬这个降幅，也不能只凭抗体低就补三针。完成全程、曾有保护性抗体且免疫正常的人，通常不用加强。不清楚打过没有的，带化验单去接种门诊评估。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/15-if-you-get-pricked-by-a-nail-or-splinter-or-if-a-wound-gets/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/15-if-you-get-pricked-by-a-nail-or-splinter-or-if-a-wound-gets/","title":"被铁钉、木刺扎到或者伤口沾了泥土，当天去处理，顺便问破伤风要不要打","content_text":"在美国，破伤风一旦发病，大约每 10 个人里死 1 个。深的伤口、沾了泥土的伤口风险最高。伤口脏、离上一针满 5 年的，要加强 1 针。当天去处理花不了几十块，别拖。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/16-the-earlier-women-get-the-hpv-vaccine-the-better/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/16-the-earlier-women-get-the-hpv-vaccine-the-better/","title":"女性接种 HPV 疫苗，越早越好","content_text":"瑞典跟踪了 167 万女性。17 岁以前打过 HPV 疫苗的人，后来得浸润性宫颈癌的风险只有没打的约八分之一。17 到 30 岁才打的，也只有一半左右。打得越早，降得越多。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/17-breast-cancer-screening-for-women-mammograms-every-two/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/17-breast-cancer-screening-for-women-mammograms-every-two/","title":"女性 40 岁起做乳腺癌筛查，每两年一次钼靶","content_text":"40 到 74 岁的女性每两年拍一次钼靶，这是美国官方筛查建议里明确推荐的。75 岁以上，以及给致密乳腺加做超声和磁共振，官方的结论是证据还不够。体检套餐拿这些加钱的时候，可以不买。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/18-for-women-over-30-hpv-testing-should-be-the-first-choice/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/18-for-women-over-30-hpv-testing-should-be-the-first-choice/","title":"30 岁以上女性做宫颈癌筛查，优先 HPV 检测","content_text":"印度农村那项试验里，只做过一次 HPV 检测的女性，死于宫颈癌的风险低约一半。查出晚期宫颈癌的风险也低约五成。一次一两百块，按美国的推荐每 5 年查一次。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/19-starting-colorectal-cancer-screening-at-ages-45-50-use/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/19-starting-colorectal-cancer-screening-at-ages-45-50-use/","title":"45 到 50 岁起做结直肠癌筛查，做查大便隐血的粪便免疫化学检测或者肠镜","content_text":"每一两年做一次几十块的粪便隐血检查，死于结直肠癌的概率低约 16%，至少查过一轮的人低 25%。被叫去做一次肠镜的人，往后十年得结直肠癌的概率从 1.20% 降到 0.98%。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/20-people-with-cardiovascular-disease-and-older-adults-should/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/20-people-with-cardiovascular-disease-and-older-adults-should/","title":"有心血管病的人和老年人每年打流感疫苗","content_text":"心梗之后打流感疫苗的那项试验里，一年内死亡的比例从 4.9% 降到 2.9%。有心血管病的人每年秋天补一针。本来健康的老人打了，一季里得流感的从 6% 降到 2.4%，但这个数不太可靠，能不能少死人更说不清。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/21-getting-the-shingles-vaccine-after-age-50/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/21-getting-the-shingles-vaccine-after-age-50/","title":"50 岁以后打带状疱疹疫苗","content_text":"三期试验里，这支疫苗把带状疱疹挡掉了 97%，各个年龄段都差不多。缺点是两针三四千元全自费。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/22-pneumococcal-vaccine-for-people-over-65/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/22-pneumococcal-vaccine-for-people-over-65/","title":"65 岁以上打肺炎球菌疫苗","content_text":"8.45 万老人的试验里，13 价肺炎球菌疫苗把疫苗管得住的那几型肺炎挡掉约 46%。最凶险的侵袭性感染挡掉 75%。但对「所有原因的肺炎」没看出效果，别指望它管住全部肺炎。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/23-testing-for-helicobacter-pylori-and-eradicating-it-if/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/23-testing-for-helicobacter-pylori-and-eradicating-it-if/","title":"查幽门螺杆菌，阳性就根除","content_text":"山东临朐那项跟踪了 22 年的试验里，把幽门螺杆菌根除掉的人，后来得胃癌的风险低约一半。死于胃癌的风险低约四成。查一次一两百块，根除要吃两周药。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/24-heavy-smokers-should-get-a-low-dose-chest-ct-once-a-year/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/24-heavy-smokers-should-get-a-low-dose-chest-ct-once-a-year/","title":"重度吸烟者每年做一次低剂量胸部 CT","content_text":"符合条件的重度吸烟者每年做一次低剂量 CT，死于肺癌的概率比只拍胸片低 20%。总的死亡概率低 6.7%。代价是查出可疑结果后的复查，和那一段时间的提心吊胆。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/25-call-12356-if-you-re-depressed-or-having-suicidal-thoughts/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/25-call-12356-if-you-re-depressed-or-having-suicidal-thoughts/","title":"抑郁或有自杀念头时打 12356，家里不囤安眠药和农药","content_text":"把能要命的东西从手边拿走，这类做法的证据一直在变强。管住镇痛药以后，相关自杀降 43%，常有人跳楼的地方装上防护，降 86%。所以家里不囤安眠药和农药。想不开的时候先打 12356，全国通用，每天至少开 18 小时。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/26-purchase-fire-extinguishers-fire-blankets-escape/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/26-purchase-fire-extinguishers-fire-blankets-escape/","title":"备齐灭火器、灭火毯、逃生呼吸面罩和急救包，每年检查一次","content_text":"灭火器、灭火毯、逃生面罩、急救包，都在应急管理部那份 11 样的家庭应急清单里。一套几百元，买一次就行。上门做过家庭安全指导的那些研究里，伤害发生率低约四分之一。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/27-visible-blood-in-urine-even-if-painless-and-gone-by-the/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/27-visible-blood-in-urine-even-if-painless-and-gone-by-the/","title":"尿里出现肉眼看得见的血，哪怕不疼、哪怕第二天就干净了，也要去查一次","content_text":"英国的门诊病历里，60 岁以上的人出现肉眼看得见的血尿，最后查出膀胱癌的约 2.8%。40 到 59 岁约 1.2%。这个数不算高，但也高到必须去查一次。哪怕只出现过一次、量很少、不疼，也要去查。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/28-if-erectile-dysfunction-appears-check-cardiovascular-health/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/28-if-erectile-dysfunction-appears-check-cardiovascular-health/","title":"勃起功能出了问题，先去查心血管，别当成单纯的「那方面的事」","content_text":"有勃起功能障碍的男性，后来得心血管病的比别人多约四成，心梗多约六成。越年轻的人差得越多。所以先去查血压、血糖、血脂，别自己买药压过去。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/29-weight-loss-quitting-smoking-and-controlling-blood-pressure/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/29-weight-loss-quitting-smoking-and-controlling-blood-pressure/","title":"减重、戒烟、把血压血糖控住，勃起功能能跟着好转","content_text":"把心血管的危险因素管起来，勃起功能本身会好转。用一份问卷打分，平均能多 2 到 3 分。这份问卷总分 25 分，22 分以上算正常。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/30-always-use-condoms-during-sex-and-never-share-needles/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/30-always-use-condoms-during-sex-and-never-share-needles/","title":"性行为全程用安全套，不和别人共用针具","content_text":"每一次都全程戴，异性之间传染艾滋病的概率大约降七成以上。「大部分时候戴」的效果，和不戴差不了多少。对别的性病也有保护，但长在套子盖不住地方的梅毒、疱疹挡不住。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/31-if-you-ve-engaged-in-high-risk-behavior-get-tested-for-hiv/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/31-if-you-ve-engaged-in-high-risk-behavior-get-tested-for-hiv/","title":"有过高危行为就去查一次艾滋病，疾控中心免费、结果保密","content_text":"去疾控查艾滋病不花钱。没有你本人同意，任何单位和个人都不得公开你的姓名、住址、工作单位和病史。查出来也不是判死刑：坚持吃药把病毒压到测不出来的人，不会再传给性伴侣。研究里这样的伴侣之间，一例都没有传上。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/32-as-soon-as-suicidal-thoughts-arise-tell-someone-nearby-and/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/32-as-soon-as-suicidal-thoughts-arise-tell-someone-nearby-and/","title":"自杀念头一冒出来先告诉身边的一个人，把这几十分钟交出去","content_text":"一项访谈里，自杀未遂的人将近一半说，从念头冒出来到动手不超过 10 分钟。四分之三的人那段时间和身边人有过接触。因自伤进过医院的人，1 年后约 2% 死于自杀，9 年以上约 7%，绝大多数人后来没有死于自杀。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/33-don-t-treat-survival-as-a-safety-net-after-ingesting/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/33-don-t-treat-survival-as-a-safety-net-after-ingesting/","title":"别把「救回来」当成兜底：喝农药、吸煤气之后急诊能保住的是命，可能保不住肺和脑子","content_text":"百草枯没有有效的解药，孟加拉一组病人里四成多没救回来。它会让肺发炎、慢慢变硬，肾和肝也跟着受伤。煤气中毒被救回来、只吸普通氧气的人，六周后将近一半脑子不如从前，做了高压氧的也还有四分之一。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/34-don-t-bet-on-a-few-days-of-rest-after-a-fall-from-height/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/34-don-t-bet-on-a-few-days-of-rest-after-a-fall-from-height/","title":"别拿「躺几天就好」赌高处坠落：进了创伤 ICU 的人多数活下来，代价按年算","content_text":"新疆一家医院里，从高处摔下来进了创伤 ICU 的人，死亡的只有 5.5%，但伤得重、治得久。将近一半同时伤到三个以上部位，三分之一多上了呼吸机，最长的在 ICU 住了 132 天。一半人摔下来的高度不超过 3 米。伤得重的人，后来能回去上班的不到六成。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/35-don-t-trade-losing-one-kidney-is-no-big-deal-for-cash-the/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/35-don-t-trade-losing-one-kidney-is-no-big-deal-for-cash-the/","title":"别拿「少一个肾没什么」换钱：剩下那个要替两个干活，卖过肾的人事后 86% 说身体变差","content_text":"美国捐肾前层层筛查过的正规捐献者，15 年后走到尿毒症的是每万人 31 人。同样健康但没捐的人是每万人 4 人。印度一批卖肾的人，6 年后 86% 说身体变差，四分之三还欠着债。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/36-don-t-pick-up-disassemble-or-sell-unidentified-metal-parts/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/36-don-t-pick-up-disassemble-or-sell-unidentified-metal-parts/","title":"不捡、不拆、不卖来路不明的金属件，带三叶草警示标志的离远点","content_text":"射线肉眼看不见，放射源又是封在小金属壳里的一块固体，所以「看着没事」不能当判断。普通人撞上的概率极低，每年每万枚放射源出事不到 1 起。可一旦撞上后果很重，1987 年巴西有人把废弃诊所的放疗机拆开，最后 4 人死亡。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/37-when-gambling-leads-to-borrowing-money-and-persistent-low/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/37-when-gambling-leads-to-borrowing-money-and-persistent-low/","title":"赌到借钱还赌、心情一直低落时，先打 12356，再把银行卡和支付密码交给家人管","content_text":"瑞典去专科看过赌博问题的人，自杀死亡是同龄人的 15 倍，总死亡是 1.8 倍。能预先看出谁会自杀的信号是抑郁。所以赌到借钱还赌、情绪一直低落，先打 12356。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/38-men-who-have-sex-with-men-at-high-risk-of-hiv-infection-can/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/38-men-who-have-sex-with-men-at-high-risk-of-hiv-infection-can/","title":"有高危性行为的男男性行为者，去艾滋病定点医院问暴露前预防药，按时吃能少感染约七成","content_text":"还没感染的人提前吃一种抗病毒药，叫暴露前预防。按时吃的人，感染风险能少约七成。吃吃停停的人，基本没效果。它是处方药，要先在医院查过身体再开，之后定期复查。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/39-women-aged-65-and-older-should-have-a-dual-energy-x-ray/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/39-women-aged-65-and-older-should-have-a-dual-energy-x-ray/","title":"65 岁以上的女性去做一次双能 X 线骨密度检查，绝经后有骨质疏松危险因素的不用等到 65 岁","content_text":"65 岁以上的女性，以及绝经后有骨质疏松危险因素的女性，该去查一次骨密度。先查风险、再给高风险的人用药，髋部骨折能少约 17%。折算下来，每 1000 个去查的人里，约少 5 人髋部骨折。总死亡率没有看出变化。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/40-if-you-are-diagnosed-with-osteoporosis-or-have-fractured/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/40-if-you-are-diagnosed-with-osteoporosis-or-have-fractured/","title":"查出骨质疏松，或者轻轻一摔就骨折过，就请医生开抗骨质疏松药并坚持用，别拿补钙代替","content_text":"已经确诊骨质疏松或者骨折过的绝经后女性，吃阿仑膦酸钠能让髋部骨折少约一半。有症状的脊柱骨折少一半多。髋部骨折做完手术就开始每年输一次药的老人，两年里再骨折的少约三成五。单靠补钙代替不了这些药。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/41-drill-holes-to-measure-ice-thickness-before-stepping-onto/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/41-drill-holes-to-measure-ice-thickness-before-stepping-onto/","title":"上野外冰面前先打孔量厚度，不到 15 厘米别上，河上的冰和冰钓洞边别去","content_text":"国内官方的说法是，冰厚到 15 厘米，成年人才能上去滑冰。美国和加拿大的底线是 10 厘米，而且只算新结的透明冰。发白的冰结实程度只有一半，厚度要翻倍。同一片冰，这里一尺厚，几步外可能只有一两寸，所以要边走边量。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/42-always-attach-the-guard-wear-goggles-and-a-face-shield-then/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/42-always-attach-the-guard-wear-goggles-and-a-face-shield-then/","title":"装好护罩、戴上护目镜加面屏再用角磨机，双手握稳，别装木工锯片切木头","content_text":"角磨机转得极快，片子碎了会飞出来伤人，装上木工锯片还会突然反弹。国内两起事故都是装了锯片、没装护罩，一人割断大腿动脉，一人割破颈动脉，都没救回来。护罩、护目镜加面屏、双手握稳，这几样花不了几个钱。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/43-ask-someone-close-to-you-who-seems-off-directly-have-you/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/43-ask-someone-close-to-you-who-seems-off-directly-have-you/","title":"直接问身边情绪不对的人「你有没有想过自杀」，问了不会让他更想","content_text":"怕一提自杀就把念头勾出来，研究里没看到这回事。给中学生的问卷里加上自杀的问题，被问的人没有更难受，想自杀的也没有变多。本来就有抑郁症状的孩子被问了反而没那么难受，自杀未遂过的孩子想自杀的反而少些。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/44-if-you-experience-palpitations-or-an-irregular-heartbeat/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/44-if-you-experience-palpitations-or-an-irregular-heartbeat/","title":"心慌、心跳乱就去做心电图，查出房颤请医生评估吃抗凝药防中风，别拿阿司匹林代替","content_text":"房颤是心跳乱成一团，血在心里淤住容易结成血块，冲进脑子就是中风。按医生评估吃抗凝药，中风少约六成，死亡少约三成。阿司匹林这类药只少约两成，代替不了。2014 到 2016 年的调查里，中国高危房颤的人只有 6% 在吃抗凝药。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/45-adults-should-screen-once-for-hepatitis-c-antibodies-if/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/45-adults-should-screen-once-for-hepatitis-c-antibodies-if/","title":"成年人查一次丙肝抗体，阳性就再查核酸，确诊了吃 8 到 12 周口服药，绝大多数能治好","content_text":"丙肝感染后几十年都可能没有症状，查一次抗体、阳性再查核酸就知道。确诊了吃 8 到 12 周口服药，九成五以上能把病毒清掉。清掉病毒的人，后来死亡风险低约六成，肝癌低约七成。这类药 2019 年进了医保，平均降价八成五以上。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/46-ventilate-septic-tanks-sewer-manholes-cesspools-vegetable/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/46-ventilate-septic-tanks-sewer-manholes-cesspools-vegetable/","title":"下化粪池、窨井、污水池、菜窖地窖、发酵罐等有限空间前，先通风、检测合格、落实防护和监护，条件不够不进入。有人倒下别跟着下去，打 119 和 120","content_text":"化粪池、窨井、菜窖这类地方会积毒气，也会缺氧，人几秒就能倒下。进去前要先通风、检测合格，做好防护，外面有人全程看着，少一样都别进。打开盖子等一阵，不能确认里面安全。看见有人倒下，别跟着下去，打 119 和 120。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/47-adults-aged-45-and-older-living-in-high-incidence-areas-for/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/47-adults-aged-45-and-older-living-in-high-incidence-areas-for/","title":"45 岁以上，住在胃癌食管癌高发地区、有家族史或幽门螺杆菌阳性的，去做胃镜筛查","content_text":"45 岁以上、属于胃癌食管癌高风险的人，做过胃镜的，死于这两种癌的概率低约一半。但主动去查的人本来就更注意身体，这个数会偏大。按最严格的办法比，食管癌死亡只低约两成，还在误差范围内。不在高风险里的人，指南不建议查。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/48-consume-soaked-black-fungus-wood-ear-and-silver-ear-within/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/48-consume-soaked-black-fungus-wood-ear-and-silver-ear-within/","title":"泡发的木耳、银耳当顿吃完别过夜，河粉、肠粉这类湿米粉买来当天吃，家里不自制酵米面","content_text":"泡太久的木耳银耳、放久了的湿米粉、家里自己发酵的玉米面，可能长出一种叫米酵菌酸的毒。煮开了也去不掉，也没有解药。全国十一年里报告的这种中毒，发病的人里约三成死了。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/49-item/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/01-do-not-die-early/49-item/","title":"咳嗽、咳痰两周以上或者痰里带血，去结核病定点医院查肺结核，确诊了按方案把药吃满，别觉得好了就停","content_text":"咳嗽咳痰两周以上或痰里带血，去结核病定点医院查一次。痰里查得到菌的肺结核不治，十年约七成会死。国内开始治疗的新病人和复发病人，约 95% 治愈或者按期吃完了药。药要吃满，自己停药容易让菌耐药，几种主要的药都耐的要治一年半以上，成功的只有约七成。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"},{"id":"https://notevida.com/zh/02-do-not-die-slowly/1-quitting-smoking-the-earlier-the-better/","url":"https://notevida.com/zh/02-do-not-die-slowly/1-quitting-smoking-the-earlier-the-better/","title":"戒烟，越早越好","content_text":"美国的研究里，吸烟的人平均比不吸烟的人少活十年以上。40 岁前戒掉，能把接着吸烟带来的死亡风险抹掉九成左右。戒得越早，捡回来的越多。骨折以后接着抽，骨头更容易长不上，所以骨头没长好之前别抽。","date_modified":"2026-11-08","language":"zh-Hans"}]}